cause and effect of the atlantic slave trade quizlet

[229], Denmark had foothold in Ghana for more than 200 years and trafficked as many as 4,000 enslaved Africans per year. [23], During the first wave of European colonization, although many of the initial Atlantic naval explorations were led by the Iberian conquistadors, members of many European nationalities were involved, including sailors from Spain, Portugal, France, England, the Italian states, and the Netherlands. Along with this, they also captured native Canary Islanders, the Guanches, to use as slaves both on the Islands and across the Christian Mediterranean. About 64 survived to establish the second "Province of Freedom" following the failed first attempt at colonization between 1787 and 1789. [11] These slaves were managed by a factor, who was established on or near the coast to expedite the shipping of slaves to the New World. Dysentery was the leading cause of death. This ended the European medieval household tradition of slavery, resulted in Brazil's receiving the most enslaved Africans, and revealed sugar cultivation and processing as the reason that roughly 84% of these Africans were shipped to the New World. Cassare was a pre-European-contact practice used to integrate the "other" from a differing African tribe. Besides the slaves who died on the Middle Passage, more Africans likely died during the slave raids and wars in Africa and forced marches to ports. Others have challenged this view. Between 1600 and 1800, approximately 300,000 sailors engaged in the slave trade visited West Africa. Library of Society of Friends Subject Guide: Abolition of the Slave Trade. Matching Result: The Atlantic slave trade contributed to the activity of many provision and redistribution markets, and enabled . Prime Minister of the Netherlands Mark Rutte apologized for the Netherlands' role in the history of slavery on 19 December 2022. It is derived from the Portuguese word 'casar', meaning 'to marry'. Rodney contended that the profits from slavery were used to fund economic growth and technological advancement in Europe and the Americas. However, by the middle of the 17th century, slavery had hardened as a racial caste, with African slaves and their future offspring being legally the property of their owners, as children born to slave mothers were also slaves (partus sequitur ventrem). Economic incentives for warlords and tribes to engage in the slave trade promoted an atmosphere of lawlessness and violence. There were three reasons that shaped the demand and supply of slaves across the Atlantic, each situated in another continent. We exploited the slaves in the West Indian Islands during 250 years and made good money on them, but when we had to pay wages, we sold them instead, without even asking the inhabitants () That really wasn't a decent thing to do. [51] These ideas were supported by other historians, including Ralph Austen (1987). The first enslaved Africans to reach what would become the United States arrived in July[citation needed] 1526 as part of a Spanish attempt to colonize San Miguel de Gualdape. Cartagena, Veracruz, Buenos Aires, and Hispaniola received the majority of slave arrivals, mainly from Angola. The demographic effects of the slave trade is a controversial and . [218][221], In 1816, a group of wealthy European-Americans, some of whom were abolitionists and others who were racial segregationists, founded the American Colonization Society with the express desire of sending liberated African Americans to West Africa. [169], Eric Williams argued that "A racial twist [was] given to what is basically an economic phenomenon. "[41] People living around the Niger River were transported from these markets to the coast and sold at European trading ports in exchange for muskets and manufactured goods such as cloth or alcohol. Middle passage. In the early 21st century, several governments issued apologies for the transatlantic slave trade. [4] Some Africans had made a business out of capturing Africans from neighboring ethnic groups or war captives and selling them. In the 19th century, European abolitionists, most prominently Dr. David Livingstone, took the opposite view, arguing that the fragile local economy and societies were being severely harmed by the trade. [143], Levels and extent of immunity varies from disease to disease. The Atlantic trade brought new crops to Africa and also more efficient currencies which were adopted by the West African merchants. Owners turned to Africa for cheap labor. Thousands of people lost their lives when they were abducted and forced into slavery. [14] Of the slaves shipped to the Americas, the largest share went to Brazil and the Caribbean. In Brazil, however, slavery itself was not ended until 1888, making it the last country in the Americas to end involuntary servitude. [198] Britain banned the slave trade in 1807, imposing stiff fines for any slave found aboard a British ship (see Slave Trade Act 1807). In the nineteenth century, 2 months appears to have been the maximum length of the voyage, and many voyages were far shorter. The Atlantic slave trade was present between the seventieth and ninetieth century and mainly involved Africans being sold to European slave owners who shipped them over the Atlantic to America and the Caribbean, to work in plantations principally sugar, tobacco, coffee and cotton. In 1999, President Mathieu Kerekou of Benin (formerly the Kingdom of Dahomey) issued a national apology for the role Africans played in the Atlantic slave trade. Most of the first group of settlers died due to disease and warfare with indigenous peoples. One practice features Arab traders in Africa "buying-off" the disease in which a cloth that had been previously exposed to the sickness was to be tied to another child's arm to increase immunity. Unpublished master's dissertation (London: Open University, 2013), pp. [21], Historian John Thornton noted, "A number of technical and geographical factors combined to make Europeans the most likely people to explore the Atlantic and develop its commerce". [71] After the end of the War of the Spanish Succession, as part of the provisions of the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), the Asiento was granted to the South Sea Company. [81] Sir John Hawkins, considered the pioneer of the English slave trade, was the first to run the triangular trade, making a profit at every stop. The shock of this revolution in 1804, certainly introduces an essential political argument into the end of the slave trade, which happened only three years later. This irreparable damage to the continent and its people caused social and ethnic division, political instability, economic underdevelopment, and a weakening of states. The different ethnic groups brought to the Americas closely correspond to the regions of heaviest activity in the slave trade. Cases of European merchants kidnapping free Africans into slavery often resulted in fierce retaliation from Africans, who stopped trade or captured or killed Europeans. Indentured Servitude. The Atlantic slave trade was one of the most important examples of forced migration in human history. The enslaved people revolted in 1526 and joined a nearby Native American tribe, while the Spanish abandoned the colony altogether (1527). The Atlantic slave trade | South African History Online The slave trade had devastating effects in Africa. By contrast, the British, and the Dutch before them, sold slaves everywhere in the Americas. (Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformation in Slavery (CUP, 1983). However African rights activists denounced it as "empty rhetoric" that failed to address the issue properly. That leadership later gave rise to the myth that "the Iberians were the sole leaders of the exploration". A high crew mortality rate on the return voyage was in the captain's interests as it reduced the number of sailors who had to be paid on reaching the home port. [104] On the other hand, slaves in other places were often treated as part of the family, "adopted children", with significant rights including the right to marry without their masters' permission. Many of the adults had left Patriot owners and fought for the British in the Revolutionary War. This is so true, that of the proprietors of slaves a very small proportion indeed are ever seen to labour. After entering the sugar colony business late, British naval supremacy and control over key islands such as Jamaica, Trinidad, the Leeward Islands, and Barbados and the territory of British Guiana gave it an important edge over all competitors; while many British did not make gains, a handful of individuals made small fortunes. Danish Foreign Minister, Uffe Ellemann-Jensen declared publicly in 1992: Petley points out that government took the decision to abolish the trade "with the express intention of improving, not destroying, the still-lucrative plantation economy of the British West Indies. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Publishers. El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Florida began their stints in the slave trade in 1541, 1563, and 1581, respectively. As more and more diplomatic arrangements were made by Castlereagh, the owners of slave ships started flying false flags of nations that had not agreed, especially the United States. [190] In Britain and America, opposition to the trade was led by members of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), Thomas Clarkson and establishment Evangelicals such as William Wilberforce in Parliament. [43] While those held in slavery in their own region of Africa might hope to escape, those shipped away had little chance of returning to Africa. [159], Punishing slaves at Calabouco, in Rio de Janeiro, c. 1822, Recently bought slaves in Brazil on their way to the farms of the landowners who bought them c. 1830, A 19th-century lithograph showing a sugarcane plantation in Suriname, In 18th century France, returns for investors in plantations averaged around 6%; as compared to 5% for most domestic alternatives, this represented a 20% profit advantage. They say slavery remained profitable in the 1830s because of innovations in agriculture. The major advantage that Europe had was in ship building. [88], It is difficult to reconstruct and generalize how Africans residing in Africa understood the Atlantic slave trade, though there is evidence for some societies that African elites and slave traders had awareness of the conditions of the slaves who were transported to the Americas. The majority of slaves were the fittest and healthiest men, causing a short term gender gap (only 35% of slaves were female) Led to social economic problems as not enough healthy men and women to work on agriculture: food shortages and cannot produce a profit to help the economy. Web. The slave trade was, therefore, a means for some African elites to gain economic advantages. -planters first used them-European diseaes killed millions. [111] More died soon after their arrival. [6][7] Except for the Portuguese, European slave traders generally did not participate in the raids because life expectancy for Europeans in sub-Saharan Africa was less than one year during the period of the slave trade (which was prior to the widespread availability of quinine as a treatment for malaria). Most of the Atlantic slave trade was carried out by seven nations and most of the slaves were carried to their own colonies in the new world. Based on earlier theories by Eric Williams, he asserted that the industrial revolution was at least in part funded by agricultural profits from the Americas. A major contributor to this was Olaudah Equiano, born in present-day Nigeria and sold as a slave to the Americas. -1600s-indentured servents. Where did they go? [122], Before the arrival of the Portuguese, slavery had already existed in the Kingdom of Kongo. [142], Evolutionary history may also have played a role in resisting the diseases of the slave trade. The voyage across the Atlantic, known as the Middle Passage, generally took 6 to 8 weeks. Spain, France and Portugal also relied on the international slave trade to supply their colonial plantations. [57] For Portuguese merchants, many of whom were "New Christians" or their descendants, the union of crowns presented commercial opportunities in the slave trade to Spanish America. Q. [206] Between 1807 and 1860, the Royal Navy's Squadron seized approximately 1,600 ships involved in the slave trade and freed 150,000 Africans who were aboard these vessels. A number of African kings and merchants took part in the trading of enslaved people from 1440 to about 1833. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade impacted and changed the world by misplacing and separating thousands of individuals from their families and homes. Distribution of slaves (1519-1867) [136] Destination Percent Portuguese America 38.5% British West Indies 18.4% The trade of enslaved Africans in the Atlantic has its origins in the explorations of Portuguese mariners down the coast of West Africa in the 15th century. The 1677 work The Doings and Sufferings of the Christian Indians, for example, documents English colonial prisoners of war (not, in fact, opposing combatants, but imprisoned members of English-allied forces) being enslaved and sent to Caribbean destinations. For 150 years, Spanish transatlantic traffic was operating at trivial levels. The Causes and Consequences of the Atlantic Slave Trade . increased warefare. [244], Plantation agriculture in the Southeastern United States, European colonization and slavery in West Africa, African awareness of the conditions of the slave trade, European participation in the slave trade, Slavery in Africa and the New World contrasted, Economic motivation to end the slave trade. Those of the first description are by far the most numerous [106], In the Americas, slaves were denied the right to marry freely and masters did not generally accept them as equal members of the family. [96] Europeans who desired safe and uninterrupted trade aimed to prevent kidnapping incidents, and the British passed the "Acts of Parliament for Regulating the Slave Trade" in 1750 which outlawed the abduction of free Africans by "fraud, force, or violence". Spain had to rely on Portuguese ships and sailors to bring slaves across the Atlantic. Rawley, James A., and Stephen D. Behrendt: Schultz, Kara. The Atlantic Slave Trade affected the slaves as well as. Seymour Drescher, "Whose abolition? The Trans-Atlantic trade was caused by the increasing demand for luxury items from Europe and . Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Slave labor, Depopulation, loss of culture, and conflict, Triangluar Trade and more. What were the causes and effects of the Atlantic slave trade quizlet? [228], At a UN conference on the Atlantic slave trade in 2001, the Dutch Minister for Urban Policy and Integration of Ethnic Minorities Roger van Boxtel said that the Netherlands "recognizes the grave injustices of the past." [123], The kings of Dahomey sold war captives into transatlantic slavery; they would otherwise have been killed in a ceremony known as the Annual Customs. Cuba received its first four slaves in 1513. He argues that the African economic model of the period was very different from the European model, and could not sustain such population losses. [63] The main destinations of this phase were the Caribbean islands Curaao, Jamaica and Martinique, as European nations built up economically slave-dependent colonies in the New World. This was viewed as crucial by those Western European states which, in the late 17th and 18th centuries, were vying with one another to create overseas empires.[8]. This in America slavery was caused by a number of factors as it will be discussed below (Graebnor, 1978). This corruption and depravity are so widespread that our land is entirely depopulated. What was a direct result of the Atlantic slave trade on Africa? The slave trade was originally focused on South America, then the Caribbean, and ultimately North America. the economies and history of the world. This was the origin of the slave trade, which began with Portuguese piracy on the Moroccan coast in 1441. Generations of broken families as the more fit and able Africans were enslaved.

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