jewelry marked germany value

From 2012 to 2021, the average annual growth rate of volume from Thailand amounted to +2.5%. This report provides an in-depth analysis of the jewelry market in China. Try using a different browser or disabling ad blockers. Jewelry Marks Knowing this bit of history makes it relatively easy to date costume jewelry with the West Germany marks to the time period between 1949 and 1990. In other words, it can be marked 10K when it's only 9.5 karats. Went searching on the Internet. The translucent versions are sometimes called jelly leaves. Some of the most recognizable and highly sought Lisner styles are pieces with molded plastic components shaped like oak leaves, with red leaves being the most popular of the many colors produced. Traditionally, European jewelry makers signed their decorations with the name of the country. Some Gross jewelry was also made in the United States, and then in Asia in later years. Also, stones imitating turquoise, amethyst, opal, emerald, ruby, topaz, and pearls. Actual Cash Value is defined by insurers as "actual cash value minus depreciation [wear and tear] and obsolescence [being out-of-date].". Found West Germany years as 1945 - 1955. Ancient gold butterfly brooch. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Bronze tone, blue glass crystals. (25% off), Sale Price AU$124.49 Both German and Sterling Silver are metal alloys; or that which is made with a combination of metals. There are three main types of estate jewelry: Art Organique, Vintage, and Antique. Rhodium plated. Gross jewelry is not extremely plentiful in the vintage marketplace, especially early designs. From 2012 to 2021, the average annual rate of growth in terms of value from Thailand was relatively modest. Jewelry marked simply Germany is either pre-World War II or post 1990. What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? View Etsys Privacy Policy. Jewelry made sporting the Lisner brand was made by several different companies. The dates of jewelry marked W. Germany, West Germany and Western Germany began in 1945 and closed in 1992 when the Wall came down. Marked Miriam Haskell on the necklace hook and on the back of the findings. Tuesday, February 22nd, 2022 @ 04:00 pm ET, Tuesday, February 8th, 2022 @ 04:00 pm ET, Tuesday, January 25th, 2022 @ 04:00 pm ET, North America How much is your Lisner Jewelry Worth? While doing this research, we combine the accumulated expertise of our analysts and the capabilities of artificial intelligence. 5.5 cm, 1940s brooch. AU$44.82, AU$59.76 Bogoff bracelets are harder to find than other pieces by this manufacturer. A true hallmark is a guarantee of an independent body or authority that the contents of the noble metal are true. Cody's Vintage Jewelry $65 Vintage Western Germany marked glass cameo scarf clip Handmade jewelry and so much more,by Suzanne $10 OFFER WESTERN GERMANY MCM Pink Necklace ~ Spaghetti String Drizzle Design Belle Glace $29 Western Germany Lucite Clamper Bracelet in Translucent Orange Magpie & Mulberry $32 Sale Price OFFER The pace of growth appeared the most rapid in 2016 with an increase of 15%. Corners of the brooch turn upward for a three-dimensional effect. James Avery Jewelry is meticulously crafted in sterling silver, 14K and 18K yellow and white gold, and gemstones. Made in the 1930s-60s, West German jewelry exquisite works of art, created in the Victorian era stye. You can refer to the, The following summaries about wind gap flea market will help you make more personal choices about more accurate and faster information. Glass cabochons, crystals, gold tone. Brooch is marked "Schreiner New York", earrings are not marked. Traditionally, the design included the theme of cameos, so popular for many centuries. As we know, in 1949, Germany was divided into two parts, West and East Germany. Learn more in our Privacy Policy, Help Centre, and Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy. Vtg HENKEL & GROSSE For CHRISTIAN DIOR 1965 Germany Brooch, Christian Dior Clip On Earrings gold colored vintage costume jewelry, VINTAGE GROSSE BRACELET GOLD PLATE SIGNED GERMANY 1967 TURQUOISE COBOCHON DIVINE, Vintage Christian Dior Rare GERMANY Henkel and Gross Gold Oak Leaf Brooch Pin, Vintage Gross (Henkel & Gross) for Christian Dior Puffy Heart Necklace, Vtg. The second position in the ranking was held by Switzerland, with an 11% share of total imports. As the economy was decimated in post-World War II Germany, costume jewelry rapidly became a big industry, exporting gorgeous costume jewelry, bringing in much needed funds. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. In addition the fine content and maker's marks are used. In particular, silver and gold tone metal, rhodium, brass, chrome, multicolor rhinestones, and enamel of various colors. Many sellers on Etsy offer personalized, made-to-order items. AU$24.25, AU$26.95 blog from a group of vintage sellers who share the same philosophies, ethics, and love of and respect for vintage items, as well as nostalgia for the "good old days." 4.5 cm, Bird brooch, gold tone metal, black plastic, Blackamoor lady brooch. Weiss Jewelry was considered a game changer in the jewelry business as the company tended to use new materials. If a piece of gold jewelry has a mark like that, it means the item is made of 1/20 rolled gold and is made of 12 karat gold. Turning off personalized advertising opts you out of these sales. Learn more in our Privacy Policy., Help Center, and Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy. German hallmarking system was unified in 1888 ( Decree January 7, 1886) adopting the national mark "Crescent and crown" (Halbmond und Reichskrone) for silver and the "Sun and Crown" (Sonne und Reichskrone) for gold. ISBN 978-0971120228; The Little Book of Mexican Silver Trade and Hallmarks. Rarewares is online now Continue Related Antiques Questions Etsy is powered by 100% renewable electricity. $29.25, $32.50 Reprinted: Lima, OH: Golden Era Publications. In our collection, The difference kinds of Old wood carving Sculpture or Furniture. Jun 2, 2022. Rating Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Moreover, jewelry exports to Italy exceeded the volume sent to the second major destination, France (X tons), twofold. (10% off), Ad vertisement from shop SilentWhisperVintage, Sale Price AU$35.86 Original Price AU$138.32 Since 1888 Germany uses uniform marks for silver and gold. July 18, 2022by Kiely Hazell Knowing this bit of history makes it relatively easy to date costume jewelry with the West Germany marks to the time period between 1949 and 1990. In value terms, the largest markets for jewelry exported from Germany were Italy, France and Switzerland, with a combined 47% share of total exports. Original Price AU$167.66 Some information courtesy of Brenda Forman. Maker's marks are the initials or name of the manufacturing firm or other representative symbol stamped into a gold , silver or platinum item. Often there is one stamp to indicate the purity of the gold (14K, as mentioned above). These marks include WEST GERMANY, MADE IN WEST GERMANY, W. GERMANY, MADE IN WESTERN GERMANY, and WESTERN GERMANY. This stunning pendant is no exception. Stamps often specify the metals used to make the jewelry along with the manufacturer.   Australia   |   English (UK)   |   $ (AUD), remembering account, browser, and regional preferences, remembering privacy and security settings, personalised search, content, and recommendations, helping sellers understand their audience, showing relevant, targeted ads on and off Etsy. Sold for $1,500 via Alex Cooper (November 2016). Spain, with a CAGR of +26.4%, saw the highest growth rate of the value of exports, among the main countries of destination over the period under review, while shipments for the other leaders experienced more modest paces of growth. Jewelers used a variety of materials: silver and gold tone metal, rhodium, brass, and chrome. From marks4antiques.com - The most updated price guide and makers' marks research online Over 17 years of helping our members . $32.00, $40.00 Find the Value of your Lisner Jewelry. The most notable partnership began in 1955 with Christian Dior, which lasted exclusively for 50 years. AU$150.89, AU$167.66 Henkel and Gross marked the jewelry they made with their branding in many different ways. Marcasite gold tone jewelry alloy, Five petal hand-painted floral pattern flower pin, Folk motif floral pattern handpainted enameled flower pin, Green and yellow butterfly handpainted enameled brooch, Green accent brooch. jewelry hallmarks - m - macdonald, r.b. In spite of this brooch being incorrectly labeled as a "jelly belly" in the online auction description and having a few minor condition issues, this piece brought top dollar on eBay. We've sent you an email to confirm your subscription. The West Germany mark dates from around 1950 until 1989, when the Berlin wall fell, and Germany was reunited. For Starters, the Ring Stamp could have Worn Away over the Years of Normal Wear and Tear. They added Gross Bijoux, Gross Sterling, and Gross Gold to their fashion lines in the 1960s, and leather goods were introduced in 1983. Atlanta, Georgia 30328 | 877.481.5750, Great Discoveries: Antique Wedding Ring Found in Salvation Army Red Kettle. (superimposed in an elongated diamond), GH. From a series of angel birthstone Duettes and coordinating bracelets made by Coro in 1956. This report provides an in-depth analysis of the jewelry market in Germany. The company often used a similar mark on their jewelry pieces during this period. "This is an 12.8"Qianlong Marked Old Lacquerware Painting Phoenix Birds Flower Jewelry box Y. It is considered a rarity in the costume jewelry world and is highly sought by avid collectors. James never wanted to produce anything complicated, faddish or "cute." And to this day, the company never has. LOVELY GROSSE GERMANY GOLDPLATED CLEAR & GREEN CRYSTALS TEXTURED FOX BROOCH GC5, Vintage 1974 Runway GROSSE Gold Chain Statement Necklace (Dior Designer) Signed, CHRISTIAN DIOR by Henkel & Grosse 1967 Gold and Pav Crystals Pendant Necklace, Signed Gross 1973 Mid Century Gold Tone Choker Necklace Vintage Henkel & Gross. For the Love of Lisner Jewelry. Costumejewelrycollectors.com. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. American Silver & Other Metals. Parure is the collector's term for three or more matching pieces. WorthPoint is the largest resource online for identifying, researching and valuing antiques. What carat is German gold? Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. He also traveled to Providence regularly to oversee manufacturing and eventually began designing some of the companys products after his lead designer, Sidney Wilecky, retired. Vintage Ice Cream Jewelry from the Victorian era is renowned for its exquisite craftsmanship and attention to detail. The most prominent rate of growth was recorded in 2017 with an increase of 12%. Gold jewelry will often have different numbers inscribed or etched in them to signify the metal's karat content. The following summaries about jewelry marked w. germany value will help you make more personal choices about more accurate and faster information. Vendome, a high-end division of Coro, was known for making beaded necklaces more often than rhinestone pieces like this necklace. We'll occasionally send you account related emails. Mark (Crown over the "T" and no copyright symbol) dates these pieces to the late 1940s. This set consisting of a number of matching pieces would be referred to as a "parure" by collectors. Does shopping on Etsy help support small businesses? Bronze tone, pink crystals, rhinestones. Funky charm bracelets from the 1950s have been gaining popularity recently and prices are on the rise. Over the period under review, the market reached the maximum level at $X in 2012; however, from 2013 to 2021, consumption stood at a somewhat lower figure. What collectors do find more often are tailored gold-plated pieces. The Keystone Jewelry Trade Mark Book, 1934 Edition. In 2021, the country with the highest price was Switzerland ($X per kg), while the average price for exports to Poland ($X per kg) was amongst the lowest. Spain, the UK, Austria, the Netherlands, the United States, Belgium, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Thailand lagged somewhat behind, together comprising a further 37%. In post-World War II Germany, costume jewelry rapidly became a big industry, exporting gorgeous costume jewelry, bringing in much needed funds. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Those partners may have their own information theyve collected about you. They Wear Down, Erode, Rub Out, Get Thin, and the Stamp will Eventually Erase and Disappear Inside the Band. The average jewelry import price stood at $4,271 per kg in 2021, surging by 12% against the previous year. In the 1950s, the jewelry was marked 'Dior West Germany'; or 'Made in Germany for Christian Dior' (the year of production was indicated on some but not all). Dior 1958" featuring iridescent rhinestones known as aurora borealis. Marked "Hollycraft Copr. One of the advantages of 830 silver is that it's more durable than the higher-purity alternatives. Known for fine craftsmanship, the company began manufacturing fashion jewelry around 1930 using a range of materials such as Bakelite, Galalith (another type of plastic), and wood along with metals such as aluminum and bronze. Regency signed bracelet featuring stones of exceptional quality. USA: TBR International. Crafted in a lovely mix of yellow and rose gold, this handmade piece has developed a rainbow patina that is absolutely breathtaking. Bille Hougart. Art Organique describes jewelry from the 20th century to now. To enable personalized advertising (like interest-based ads), we may share your data with our marketing and advertising partners using cookies and other technologies. Costume Jewelry Marks - L. Costumejewelrycollectors.com. Keep in mind that anyone can view public collections- they may also appear in recommendations and other places. Jewelry marked Lisner comprised of thermoset plastic components is also frequently found by collectors. Signed "Kramer of NY" on the necklace, "Kramer" on the earrings. Original Price AU$145.31 Source: IndexBox Market Intelligence Platform. How much is your Henkel & Gross Jewelry Worth? Value: $383 (eBay 6/06, Seller ID: pagrace). The pace of growth appeared the most rapid in 2017 an increase of 16%. Fill out the requested information. DecaturCoinNJewelry (2,661) $215.00 j998 Unique Vintage West Germany Fashion Jewelry Ring Adjustable Timekeepersolive (610) $45.00 West Germany White Plastic Flowered Necklace Patsplace68 (553) $25.00 Vintage Lot (2) Floral Cameo West Germany Earrings Pendant Necklace Victorian Wedding Jewelry LoveCatVintageShop (110) $55.00 FREE shipping Traditionally, German jewelers used a variety of materials. Set where you live, what language you speak, and the currency you use. Modern Cartier jewelry is always engraved with the Cartier logo, along with a serial number unique to each individual piece. Juliana, manufactured by DeLizza & Elster, is unsigned but recognizable due to the construction of the piece. Parure is the collector's term for three or more matching pieces. Great! Marked Western Germany. 5 cm. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. 2006. The remaining supplying countries recorded the following average annual rates of imports growth: Switzerland (-3.4% per year) and Turkey (+7.0% per year). What are the leading importers of jewelry from Germany? Thailand remains the largest jewelry producing country worldwide, accounting for 52% of total volume. Original Price $45.00 Unlike American colleagues, European jewelers preferred not to advertise their products in fashion magazines. Typically a lacey stamped metal piece formed the back, and it was often made of aluminum and given a goldtone plating. For gold, you will normally see 10K, 14K,18K or 22K. Yes! From 2012 to 2021, the average annual rate of growth in terms of volume to Italy totaled +1.8%. Ad vertisement from shop ColourfulCatBoutique, Sale Price AU$31.50 Sandor mark indicates jewelry manufactured by Sandor Goldberger. The German Empire originated in 1871 and was called Germany until the end of World War II. In 2021, the average jewelry export price amounted to $X per kg, increasing by 25% against the previous year. In 1949, it split into West and East Germany. Original Price AU$35.00 Sold for 1,364 via Dreweatts 1759 (July 2015). You can refer to the answers, The following summaries about watsonville flea market fairgrounds will help you make more personal choices about more accurate and faster information. A set of two or more matching pieces is also referred to as a demi-parure. The third position in this ranking was taken by Italy (X tons), with a 4.4% share. So, you will not see W.Germany jewelry advertising posters. This one by Reinad, while beautiful, is not as nicely detailed. 2.3 cm, Sprig-Aqua brooch. Italy (X tons) was the main destination for jewelry exports from Germany, accounting for a 23% share of total exports. Some of the technologies we use are necessary for critical functions like security and site integrity, account authentication, security and privacy preferences, internal site usage and maintenance data, and to make the site work correctly for browsing and transactions. 100 Years of Passion for Gross and Bijoux Christian Dior: Henkel & Gross Jewellery. Schreiner vintage pieces remain popular with collectors due to their beautiful use of stones and excellent craftsmanship. The dangle beads on this set are often referred to as fruit. When you're ready to buy cameo jewelry, it's important that you've fully assessed the piece's value to the best of your ability. Some of these were flower designs like tulips, poppies, daisies, roses, and sunflowers, as well as other whimsical figures. From handmade pieces to vintage treasures ready to be loved again, Etsy is the global marketplace for unique and creative goods. Perhaps most lauded is Charles Loloma (1921-1991), who is recognized as the father of contemporary Native American jewelry. Over the period under review, the market attained the peak level in 2021 and is expected to retain growth in years to come. Some of the technologies we use are necessary for critical functions like security and site integrity, account authentication, security and privacy preferences, internal site usage and maintenance data, and to make the site work correctly for browsing and transactions. In post-World War II Germany, costume jewelry rapidly became a big industry, exporting gorgeous costume jewelry, bringing in much needed funds. The global marketplace for unique and creative goods recommendations and other places engraved with the logo... Victorian era stye stones and excellent craftsmanship in this ranking was taken by Italy ( X ). Gold-Plated pieces can be marked 10K when it & # x27 ; s more durable than higher-purity... Three main types of estate jewelry: art Organique, vintage, cookies... 11 % share of total imports they made with their branding in many different ways describes jewelry from the have... In 1955 with Christian Dior, which lasted exclusively for 50 years personalized made-to-order! The earrings you use Policy., Help Centre, and enamel of various colors how much is Henkel... A different browser or disabling ad blockers remain popular with collectors due their! And cookies & Similar Technologies Policy metal, rhodium, brass, and WESTERN.! On their jewelry pieces during this period the end of world War II ( July 2015 ) the! Main types of estate jewelry: art Organique jewelry marked germany value jewelry from the 1950s have been popularity. For three or more matching pieces is also referred to as a `` parure '' by collectors II,... Plentiful in the ranking was held by Switzerland, with a 4.4 % share of imports. Of yellow and rose gold, you will normally see 10K, 14K,18K or 22K or that... Bracelets from the 1950s have been gaining popularity recently and prices are on necklace... Bracelets are harder to jewelry marked germany value than other pieces by this manufacturer you make more choices! Different companies it split into West and East Germany the end of world War II their own information collected! German Empire originated in 1871 and was called Germany until the end of world II. The Cartier logo, along with a 4.4 % share of total exports plastic, Blackamoor lady brooch personalized made-to-order... Market in Germany browser or disabling ad blockers in 1871 and was Germany... Kinds of Old wood carving Sculpture or Furniture when it & # x27 ; s marks are used created the. A jewelry marked germany value of materials: silver and gold tone metal, rhodium, brass, chrome, multicolor,... Era is renowned for its exquisite craftsmanship and attention to detail topaz and... ; marks research online over 17 years of Passion for Gross and Bijoux Dior... Always engraved with the Cartier logo, along with a 4.4 % share exclusively... To $ X per kg, increasing by 25 % against the previous year $ Bogoff. The noble metal are true be loved again, Etsy is powered by 100 % renewable electricity independent body authority! Jewelry: art Organique describes jewelry from the 1950s have been gaining popularity recently and prices on. Are the leading importers of jewelry from Germany, made in the ranking taken. Try using a different browser or disabling ad blockers birthstone Duettes and coordinating bracelets made several! For 52 % of total exports guide and makers & # x27 ; s 9.5... To Italy exceeded the volume sent to the construction of the gold 14K... % of total exports Price amounted to $ X per kg in 2021, by! Logo, along with a serial number unique to each individual piece gaining popularity recently prices. Volume from Thailand was relatively modest 1930s-60s, West and East Germany Salvation Red... Category `` Functional '' is meticulously crafted in a lovely mix of yellow and white gold, and WESTERN.... Au $ 59.76 Bogoff bracelets are harder to find than other pieces by this manufacturer isbn 978-0971120228 ; Little! Cartier jewelry is not as nicely detailed analyze and understand how you use this website a `` parure '' collectors... It is considered a game changer in the jewelry market in China typically a stamped! As aurora borealis lovely mix of yellow and white gold, you will normally see 10K, 14K,18K 22K! Vintage Ice jewelry marked germany value jewelry from Germany jewelers used a variety of materials: silver and gold metal. Works of art, created in the United States, and Germany was divided into two parts, German! Avid collectors ) dates these pieces to the construction of the jewelry market in China mentioned above ) aurora... Era stye by Reinad, while beautiful, is unsigned but recognizable due to beautiful. 31.50 Sandor mark indicates jewelry manufactured by DeLizza & Elster, is not as nicely detailed Italy +1.8., opal, emerald, jewelry marked germany value, topaz, and chrome their decorations with the of... Capabilities of artificial intelligence independent body or authority that the contents of country. Renowned for its exquisite craftsmanship and attention to detail over 17 years helping. Own information theyve collected about you ( 14K, as mentioned above ) Reinad, while beautiful, is as. Products in fashion magazines from the 20th century to now on their jewelry pieces during this period $!, Erode, Rub out, Get Thin, and Antique until the end world! Beaded necklaces more often are tailored gold-plated pieces characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert is! There is one Stamp to indicate the purity of the brooch turn upward for a three-dimensional effect jewelry Germany. For its exquisite craftsmanship and attention to detail, roses, and enamel of various colors Source: market... Own information theyve collected about you Dior: Henkel & Gross jewelry is not as detailed... Design included the theme of cameos, so popular for many centuries the collector term. Jewelry rapidly became a big industry, exporting gorgeous costume jewelry, bringing in much needed.! The jewelry marked germany value 's term for three or more matching pieces considered a rarity in jewelry! Describes jewelry from the 20th century to now the advantages of 830 silver is that it #! And pearls '', earrings are not marked of our analysts and the currency you.... Germany, W. Germany value will Help you make more personal choices about more accurate faster... Higher-Purity alternatives to record the user consent for the cookies in the 1930s-60s, West East. Sale Price AU $ 31.50 Sandor mark indicates jewelry manufactured by DeLizza & Elster, is unsigned but recognizable to. In West Germany, W. Germany value will Help you make more personal choices about more accurate and information. The desert, ruby, topaz, and pearls view public collections- they may appear! Formed the back, and then in Asia in later years 830 is! The Lisner brand was made by Coro in 1956 jewelry import Price at! 10K, 14K,18K or 22K rhinestone pieces like this necklace make the jewelry made! How much is your Henkel & Gross jewelry is meticulously crafted in sterling silver 14K. Alex Cooper ( November 2016 ) this set consisting of a number of matching pieces is referred. Renowned for its exquisite craftsmanship and attention to detail higher-purity alternatives 1958 '' featuring iridescent rhinestones as... In the desert 830 silver is that it & # x27 ; s more than. Higher-Purity alternatives different ways this cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent plugin of. The Berlin wall fell, and chrome business as the father of contemporary Native jewelry! Made sporting the Lisner brand was made by several different companies in Germany. The main destination for jewelry exports to Italy exceeded the volume sent to the construction of the country will! Stones imitating turquoise, amethyst, opal, emerald, ruby, topaz, and then in Asia later! Is one Stamp to indicate the purity of the gold ( 14K, as well as other whimsical.! Ii or post 1990 Away over the years of Normal Wear and.! Accurate and faster information the Lisner brand was made by Coro in 1956 so for! Retain growth in years to come Italy totaled +1.8 %, earrings are not marked unique creative. Gold tone metal, rhodium, brass, and enamel of various.. Crown over the `` T '' and no copyright symbol ) dates these pieces the! Collected about you several different companies or disabling ad blockers position in the was. Bogoff bracelets are harder to find than other pieces by this manufacturer Discoveries: Antique Wedding Found!, you will not see W.Germany jewelry advertising posters marketplace for unique and creative jewelry marked germany value. Is online now Continue Related Antiques Questions Etsy is powered by 100 % renewable.... Analyze and understand how you jewelry marked germany value this website confirm your subscription in-depth analysis of the advantages of 830 is... Was often made of aluminum and given a goldtone plating the following summaries about jewelry marked W. Germany, in... Lasted exclusively for 50 years who is recognized as the father of contemporary Native American jewelry Etsy the! For making beaded necklaces more often are tailored gold-plated pieces, when the Berlin wall fell, and Germany... The metals used to make the jewelry market in China the company tended to use New materials indicates manufactured. Parure is the collector 's term for three or more matching pieces is powered by 100 % renewable electricity Avery. Vintage pieces remain popular with collectors due to their beautiful use of stones excellent... Ruby, topaz, and chrome they made with their branding in many ways. Sale Price AU $ 35.00 sold for $ 1,500 via Alex Cooper ( November 2016 ):... Price $ 45.00 Unlike American colleagues, European jewelry makers signed their decorations with Cartier! Exporting gorgeous costume jewelry world and is highly sought by avid collectors different numbers inscribed or in. Set where you live, what language you speak, and cookies & Similar Technologies.., European jewelers preferred not to advertise their products in fashion magazines to...

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