athabaskan language translator

Speech. Sapir, Edward. Corrections? A group of related North American Indian languages including the Apachean languages and languages of Alaska, northwest Canada, and coastal Oregon and California. In Sharon Hargus & Keren Rice (eds.). Sturtevant, William C. The conventional three-way split into Northern, Pacific Coast, and Southern is essentially based on geography and the physical distribution of Athabaskan peoples rather than sound linguistic comparisons. Follow: Twitter; Facebook; Email notification; Note. Athabaskan languages typically contain large inventories of consonants (often 30 or more) and smaller inventories of vowels (usually 57). Branches 17 are the Northern Athabaskan (areal) grouping. The Witsuwiten lmes mass is from the French la messe; msin copper is from the English machine. 1985. Kari, James. support our organization's work with endangered American Indian languages. It is a portmanteau morpheme with two dimensions that are both phonological and functional. In. The entire New Testament was drafted, community checked and rechecked by a consultant between 1995 and 2000. This page provides all possible translations of the word athabascan in almost any language. Bible translations into Athabaskan languages, The Bible in Klondyke, by Archdeacon McDonald, [BFBS?] The noun ATHABASKAN has 2 senses: 1. a member of any of the North American Indian groups speaking an Athapaskan language and living in the subarctic regions of western Canada and central Alaska 2. a group of Amerindian languages (the name coined by an American anthropologist, Edward Sapir) Familiarity information: ATHABASKAN used as a noun is rare. 1996. In 1897 the whole Bible was in the press under the care of McDonald, but owing to delay in communication printing only reached Job in 1898, when McDonald came home to see it through. Moreover, groups of verb prefixes with the same meaning may not necessarily be adjacent to each other in a verb word. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athabaskan_languages, Become a member of TranslationDirectory.com at just 2010. Puedes hacer los ejercicios online o descargar la ficha como pdf. Alternate spellings of Athabaskan are Athapaskan (used now mainly by Canadian linguists), Athabascan (the official spelling in Alaska since the early 1990s but not widely used), and Athapascan (in some older publications). It is, as Leer (1990:77) puts it, the hallmark of Na-Dene languages. Age: 11-13. Henry Faraud may, at least in the beginning, also been involved with this translation. Athebaskan is a version of a Cree name fo Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Details of the Athabaskan family tree should be regarded as tentative. Kari, James and Ben A. Potter. Athapaskan languages of the Pacific Coast. Edward Vajda of Western Washington University summarized ten years of research, based on verbal morphology and reconstructions of the proto-languages, indicating that these languages might be related.[7]. Instantly translate text into any of the other supported languages and dialects. These were later published individually in syllabics, Mark and Matthew in 1886, and John and Luke in 1890, . With Jeff Leers 2010 advances, the reconstructions of Na-Dene (or AthabascanEyakTlingit) consonants, this latter grouping is considered by Alaskan linguists to be a well-demonstrated family. In Lyle Campbell & Marianne Mithun (eds.). 2001. The languages of the Southern branch are much more homogeneous and are the only clearly genealogical subgrouping. Our brief discussion of Athabaskan literary language should demonstrate that such is not the case. For example, the Witsuwiten verb wecontzisyin Im not going to pick berries contains three prefix sequences: we-s- negative (wecontzisyin), u-yin pick berries (wecontzisyin), and t-i- future (wecontzisyin), among other components. They then worked on a Ulkatcho (Blackwater) dialect adaption, which was printed by Wycliffe Bible Translators in 2002 as Yak'usda Bughunek: K'andit Khunek Neba Lhaidinla. Download our free dictionary (for Windows or Android) and browse both the Ahtna-English and the English-Ahtna lists. The Northern Athabaskan languages are the largest group in the Athabaskan family, although this group varies internally about as much as do languages in the entire family. For example, in the Tsekene sentence Ss Alec dzidniiyt The black bear scared Alec, the noun ss black bear is the subject, Alec is the object, and dzidniiyt he/she/it scared him/her/it is the verb. Navajo, Apache, and Chipewyan 2. a member of any of various Native American peoples speaking Athabaskan He acknowledged that it was his choice to use this name for the language family and associated peoples, writing: I have designated them by the arbitrary denomination of Athabascas, which derived from the original name of the lake. KwalhioquaClatskanai (#7) was normally placed inside the Pacific Coast grouping, but a recent consideration by Krauss (2005) does not find it very similar to these languages. Three lines of evidence support this assumption. Fast, easy, reliable language certification. The four gospels were published in 1883 in a Latin script by the British and Foreign Bible Society. 1981. Chipewyan is spoken over the largest area of any North American native language, while Navajo is spoken by the largest number of people of any native language north of Mexico. In the annotations I refer to the languages by the names used by the authors. This was published as ""Vit'eegwijyahchy'aa: Vagwandak Nizii" in 2011. Get instant definitions for any word that hits you anywhere on the web! The Northern group is particularly problematic in its internal organization. These languages are repeated by location in this list. (Tuttle & Hargus 2004:74). This group comprises the six Southern Athabaskan languages and Navajo. The term "Athabaskan" refers to a language family spoken by the Southern AthabaskanApache and Navajo (see entries)and the Northern Athabaskan in Alaska. In, This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 04:27. Names 44:25371. li. For detailed lists including languages, dialects, and subdialects, see the respective articles on the three major groups: Northern Athabaskan, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, Southern Athabaskan. Generally the term is used to refer to the Athabaskan speakers of Alaska. Criminal law terms in the . Previously Edward Sapir had noted it in his seminal essay on the Na-Dene family, calling it a third modal element' (Sapir 1915:540). The translated sentences you will find in Glosbe come from parallel corpora (large databases with translated texts). The remaining essays focus on aspects of Navajo language and culture; Young has specialized in this area for over fifty years in collaboration with his mentor . Another innovation from Kari is the use of angle brackets to mark epenthetic segments, a convention which is not often used even by Kari himself. 2001. The conventional three-way split into Northern, Pacific Coast, and Southern is essentially based on geography and the physical distribution of Athabaskan peoples rather than sound linguistic comparisons. The four spellingsAthabaskan, Athabascan, Athapaskan, and Athapascanare in approximately equal use. gcse.type = 'text/javascript'; Jeff Leer (1990:93) offers an early reconstruction of the Proto-Athabaskan classifier. Gwich'in is an Athabaskan language of the Gwich'in indigenous people. Presented at ALT-IV, Santa Barbara, CA. Have a split-screen conversation on a single phone, or speak into the microphone for a quick translation. In fact, Athabaskan languages are very complex both in terms of structure and in terms of the range of their vocabulary. Language: en View 33 tales in free English translation collected by author among Ingalik Indians of the lower Yukon River region. var gcse = document.createElement('script'); Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. Description of the Athabascan and Inupiat Alaska, ca 1800 map: The Athabascan and Inupiat peoples of northern Alaska two hundred years ago identified with one of four major groupings, each tied by a common culture and language. Go eeda' zo dibaa ee boho aaditogha deeyeet'aayee neetodlilaa dahoon yagga don oda hotoniy ts'o hoyaan'.". The Northern group is particularly problematic in its internal organization. Athabaskan is a large family of indigenous languages of North America, located in western North America in three areal language groups: Northern, Pacific Coast and Southern. Due to the failure of the usual criteria of shared innovation and systematic phonetic correspondences to provide well-defined subgroupings, the Athabaskan family especially the Northern group has been called a "cohesive complex" by Michael Krauss (1973, 1982). The position of the Apachean languages in the Athapaskan stock. In 1937 Acts was added, and it was republished as "God Bizaad" (God's Word)[6]. In the following tables, the older symbols are given first with newer symbols following. ), was published, and in 1895 1'st Samuel was added. Cook, Eung-Do. Cook, Eung-Do. 1971. Want to add New Dictionary? The seven or more Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages are spoken in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Navajo was the sixth Native American language to have the complete Bible translated into it. French. The use of the combining comma above as in c has also been completely abandoned in the last few decades in favor of the modifier letter apostrophe as in c. In addition, Kibrik did not give the domains and boundaries which have been added here for comparison. Athabaskan, also known as Athabascan, Athapaskan, or Athapascan, is a Native American language family in North America. Unfortunately the classifier has only the vague remains of classificatory function in most Athabaskan languages, so in this family the name is opaque. Athabasken Metadata This file contains additional information such as Exif metadata which may have been added by the digital camera, scanner, or software program used to create or digitize it. "Transitivity decrease in Navajo and Athabaskan: Actor-affecting propositional derivations". These include Applegate, Galice, several Rogue River area languages, Upper Coquille, Tolowa, and Upper Umpqua in Oregon; Eel River, Hupa, MattoleBear River, and Tolowa in northern California; and possibly Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie in Washington. As with many linguists working on Native American languages, Athabaskanists tend to use an Americanist phonetic notation system rather than IPA. Eedahaan gheelgo didin'aa' nin' kkokk'a neeneetaanee. Athabaskan tone. Hoijer, Harry. Rice (ed.). This situation will presumably change as both documentation and analysis of the languages improves. Linguistic Affiliation Navajo is a language of the Apachean subgroup of the Athabaskan branch of the Na-Den language family, along with Apache. A symposium in Alaska in February 2008 included papers on the Yeniseian and Na-Den families. Mark was published in 1874. Ahtna is the native name of the Copper River. 1981. 2., St. Matt. Andrej Kibrik (1993, 1996, 2001) has used the term transitivity indicator with the gloss abbreviation TI, Keren Rice (2000, 2009) has used voice/valence prefix abbreviated V/V, and for Tlingit Constance Naish and Gillian Story (1973:368378) used extensor. In Handbook of North American Indians. the model for the tree generation.[9]. Educalingo cookies are used to personalize ads and get web traffic statistics. $8 per month (paid per year). Sapir, Edward, & Victor Golla. Leer also adopted the argument advanced by Keren Rice (1997) that there was no need to distinguish between *y and *. This Eyak form corresponds to a Proto-Athabaskan *n- that is mostly lost. 3., St. Luke ii. Kibrik, Andrej A. The Northern Athabaskan languages are the largest group in the Athabaskan family, although this group varies internally about as much as do languages in the entire family. . The word Athabaskan is an anglicized version of a Cree language name for Lake Athabasca ( Template:Lang-crm " [where] there are reeds one after another") in Canada. Tsetsaut, however, shares its primary hydronymic suffix (river, stream) with Sekani, Beaver, and Tsuutina PA *-ah rather than with that of Tahltan, Tagish, Kaska, and North and South Tutchone PA *-tu (Kari 1996; Kari, Fall, & Pete 2003:39). The concept of geolinguistic conservatism in Na-Dene prehistory . "Transitivity increase in Athabaskan languages". Please click for detailed translation, meaning, pronunciation and example sentences for pacific coast athabaskan languages in French Idioma: ingls. The Dena'ina language is one of the Dene (Athabascan, Na-Dene) languages. The reconstruction of Proto-Athabaskan phonology is still under active debate. Saville-Troike, Muriel. 18, 19., II. //-->. In J. This situation will presumably change as both documentation and analysis of the languages improves. 1960. bab.la - Online dictionaries, vocabulary, conjugation, grammar. Periodic test 2 good luck, keep spirit ID: 3315145 Language: English School subject: English as a Second Language (ESL) Grade/level: grade 3 Age: 8-11 Main content: Translation Other contents: clothes Add to my workbooks (0) Download file pdf google_ad_client = "pub-8872632675285158"; The following list gives the Athabaskan languages organized by their geographic location in various North American states and provinces (including some languages that are now extinct). Five Athabaskan languages are official languages in the Northwest Territories, including Chipewyan (Dnesn), Dogrib or Tch Yat, Gwichin (Kutchin, Loucheux), and the Northern and Southern variants of Slavey. A variety of loanwords, almost all of them nouns, have entered Athabaskan languages. The link was not copied. Edward Vajda of Western Washington University summarized ten years of research, based on verbal morphology and reconstructions of the proto-languages, indicating that these languages might be related. Krauss, Michael E. 1968. The Witsuwiten (spoken in British Columbia) words kwsdde chair and hda moose were borrowed from the Carrier kwtszda and the Sekani xda, respectively. In the above table, the symbol v represents a monomoraic reduced vowel, the VV represents a bimoraic full vowel, and the V a monomoraic full vowel in a syllable nucleus whose second mora is . Pronunciation, recordings Often the text alone is not enough. . Details of the Athabaskan family tree should be regarded as tentative. Press. The following table is adapted from Leer 2005 (p. 286) and shows the vowel correspondences between Proto-Athabaskan and the better documented Athabaskan languages. Southern Athabaskan (also Apachean) is a subfamily of Athabaskan languages spoken primarily in the Southwestern United States (including Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Sonora) with two outliers in Oklahoma and Texas.Those languages are spoken by various groups of Apache and Navajo peoples.. Self-designations for Western Apache and Navajo are Nnee biyti' or Ndee biyti' and Din . Hoijers proposal is missing several elements which were described in detail later, but Kibriks is not terribly different from Rices. The languages of the Pacific Coast subgroup were spoken in northern California and southern Oregon by peoples including the Hupa, Mattole, Kato, Tututni, Galice, and Tolowa. Reflecting an ancient migration of peoples, they are spoken by Native Americans in the American Southwest and the northwestern part of Mexico. The Athabaskan family is a branch of the Athabaskan-Eyak subgroup of the Na-Den language phylum, which was named for the words for person in Tlingit and Athabaskan. Edited by Stanley Diamond, 960976. Athabaskan language family, Athabaskan also spelled Athabascan, or (in Canada) Athapaskan, or Athapascan, one of the largest North American Indian language families, consisting of about 38 languages. Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit Languages. All extant Athabaskan languages use some English loanwords. In 2011 there were about 30 speakers of Ahtna, almost all of whom were over 60 years old. Find definitions and equivalent terms in Indigenous languages, as well as useful writing tools. . Click here to learn more about the features or scroll down to download the program. Below the two most current viewpoints are presented. google_ad_slot = "7815442998"; Sixteen Deg Hit'an Athabaskan stories first recorded by Rev. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. In particular, Navajo is one of the main languages of the Navajo Nation, and its use is an important part of the Navajo identity. , , , , . Kibrik (1995) and Hoijer (1971) also proposed templates which generalized across a number of Athabaskan languages. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Each Athabascan langu. Leer (2005:284) also offered a vowel system consisting of four long or full vowels and three short or reduced vowels which are more centralized. of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Anthropology and Alaska Native Language Center. Speakers of Athabaskan languages often use the same term for a language and its associated ethnic group (similar to the use of 'English' for both a language and a people), typically naming these with some form of 'person' or 'human,' as with Navajo din. Glossaries; Dictionaries; Writing resources; Glossaries. In The encyclopedia of language and linguistics. Tlingit: A portmanteau language family? The Nicola language is so poorly attested that it is impossible to determine its position within the family. Most Athabaskan languages are in danger of becoming extinct. of Use for details. The resulting system is somewhat simpler than the traditional one, with 8 fewer phonemes. 25 irregular verbs and their translation into Basque. . If the file has been modified from its original state, some details such as the timestamp may not fully reflect those of the original file. Tta ekaonte Niotsi nun goinieto, te Yazi thligi yi koganiti, tene oyi yekeinithet, tsiadothet ka ile, ithlasi kondi katheo olili. He defines a few terms and resurrects others which have since become standard in Athabaskanist literature. Some people have characterized Athabaskan languages as "simple," "primitive," or "descriptive," unable to express abstract ideas. Attune zon kooh ghawoteassi ayi Nagha Tgha indi, ayi akye chu, ustye chu, unne chu. gcse.async = true; It represents what is generously called the RiceGoddardMithun classification (Tuttle & Hargus 2004:73), although it is almost entirely due to Keren Rice. 35,000+ worksheets, games, and lesson plans . "Athabaskan" redirects here. [After Lake Athabasca from Cree athapaskaaw, there is scattered grass .] How stress shapes the stem-suffix complex in Athabaskan. Speakers of Athabaskan languages often use the same term for a language and its associated ethnic group (similar to the use of English for both a language and a people), typically naming these with some form of person or human, as with Navajo din. The southwestern United States is home to the Apachean subgroup, which includes Navajo and the languages spoken by the Apache peoples. The ambiguity surrounding Tsetsaut is why it is placed in its own subgroup in the RiceGoddardMithun classification. A revision was published by the American Bible Society in 2000. Hl Diyin God nihok' dine' t' iyis ay'j'nigo b haYe' t'' h yizhchng baazhnt, ko t' hiida boodlgo baa dzlhg doo dood da, nidi iin doo nint'i'ii bee hl doolee. Leer 2006 is another short overview of the family, including two of the larger families, Athabaskan-Eyak, and Athabaskan-Eyak-Tlingit (previously generally referred to as Na-Dene), of which Athabaskan is uncontroversially a part. bloomfield volleyball schedule; billy turner obituary Athabaskan | Spanish Translator Athabaskan Translation Athabaskan Play Copy Swap Proofread Translated by Show more translations Examples Examples have not been reviewed. As a crude approximation, the differences between Athabaskan languages may be compared to differences between Indo-European languages. write the translation of the given words. The position of the Apachean languages in the Athpaskan stock. These include Applegate, Galice, several Rogue River area languages, Upper Coquille, Tolowa, and Upper Umpqua in Oregon; Eel River, Hupa, MattoleBear River, and Tolowa in northern California; and possibly Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie in Washington. 1963. s.parentNode.insertBefore(gcse, s); . 2d ed. A group of languages descended from Latin, including Catalan, Italian and Provencal; or, a medieval tale of adventure and heroism written in one of these vernaculars (7) NILOTIC. Jules L. Prevost translated selections of the book of Common Prayer, which includes many Bible verses. For example, Witsuwiten verb stems include sty it (animate) lies; stan it (rigid) is (in position); scoz it (clothlike, flexible) is; sqay it (shallow container) is; sdz it (liquid) is; st it (mushy) is; say it (general 3-dimensional object, abstract, nonmaterial) is; sle it (ropelike), or they (nonhuman) are; and sdzec they (granular) are.. 2005. . The Athabaskan language family as a whole is fairly closely related to Eyak, a language once spoken in the Cook inlet area of southern Alaska. Cor. In 2007 there were about 14,000 speakers of Western Apache, about half of whom belong to the White Mountain Apache tribe and can be found on the Fort Apache Reservation. For example, following a motion by attendees in 2012, the annual Athabaskan Languages Conference changed its name to the Den Languages Conference.[4]. 2., Isa. of Arizona Press. Missionary Crusader, Lubbock, Texas published an Apache language translation' of John, James, and 1 John in 1958. Eyak is no more closely related to the neighboring Alaskan Athabaskan languages than it is to Navajo; it evidently split off long ago from the rest of Athabaskan. Amerindian languages Carry on translated conversations with up to 250 people all using their own device * New York: Columbia Univ. Despite this inadequacy, current comparative Athabaskan literature demonstrates that most Athabaskanists still use the three-way geographic grouping rather than any of the proposed linguistic groupings given below, because none of them has been widely accepted. Back to the Native American Language homepage As Tuttle and Hargus put it, we do not consider the points of difference between the two models to be decisively settled and in fact expect them to be debated for some time to come. (Tuttle & Hargus 2004:74). [1] The name was assigned by Albert Gallatin in his 1836 (written 1826) classification of the languages of North America. 10, 11., Psa. This page was last edited on 17 December 2022, at 03:14. In particular, the symbols c, , and are rare in most publications today. 1938. The records of Nicola are so poor Krauss describes them as "too few and too wretched" (Krauss 2005) that it is difficult to make any reliable conclusions about it. What does athabaskan languages mean? This was translated by Archdeacon Robert McDonald of the Church Missionary Society in 1874. Somewhat fewer than half of the languages have developed tonal contrasts from original syllable final glottalization; e.g., Proto-Athabaskan *te mat > Tsekene tl, where [*] indicates an unattested form, represents glottalization, and [] is a low-tone vowel. Kari and Potter (2010:10) place the total territory of the 53 Athabaskan languages at 4,022,000 square kilometres (1,553,000sqmi). For more information or to contact an Oxford Sales Representative click here. 1996. For detailed lists including languages, dialects, and subdialects, see the respective articles on the three major groups: Northern Athabaskan, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, Southern Athabaskan. For most of the languages, the recent trend has been to refer to a language by a name or spelling that speakers prefer or one that reflects speakers pronunciation rather than Anglicization. These books were translated by Philip G. Howard. gcse.src = 'https://cse.google.com/cse.js?cx=' + cx; It has been proposed by some to be an isolated branch of Chilcotin. For alternative names for the languages, see the classifications given later in this article. The name classifier is confusing to non-Athabaskanists since it implies a classificatory function that is not obvious. Edited by Keith Basso and Morris Opler, 36. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The Navajo language, also known as Din Bizaad, is spoken by approximately 175,000 people in the United States and elsewhere (Gordon, 2005). A newer reconstruction by Leer (2005:284) constitutes a significant reorganization of the system. This was published by the International Bible Society in 1995 as Yak'usda Ooghuni: 'Andidi Khuni Neba Lhaidinla-i. Chipewyan is spoken over the largest area of any North American native language, while Navajo is spoken by the largest number of people of any indigenous language north of Mexico. Krauss gives a detailed history of the work on Athabaskan tonology which is briefly summarized here. On this page. The information on Athabaskan was provided to Goddard by Keren Rice. translators are welcome to register here - Free! In addition, more than any other tonal language in Alaska Tanacross has preserved segmental information lost via apocope through an elaborate system of compound tone. Using computational phylogenetic methods, Sicoli & Holton (2014)[8] proposed the following classification for the Athabaskan languages based exclusively on typological (non-lexical) data. Pamole Eyak and Athabaskan together form a genealogical linguistic grouping called AthabaskanEyak (AE) well-demonstrated through consistent sound correspondences, extensive shared vocabulary, and cross-linguistically unique homologies in both verb and noun morphology. "Hupa Texts, with Notes and Lexicon". Other Northern Athabascan languages are "high-marked" languages in which the tonal development is the reverse. Translation memory is like having the support of thousands of translators available in a fraction of a second. Nouns are classified by their number, shape, and animacy; for certain types of verbs these characteristics are reflected in the choice of verb stem. The formation of verb words is complex in Athabaskan languages. There are no Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages with portions of the Bible translated into them. Leer, Jeff. Northern Athabaskan is a geographic group for which, until recently, there were no published subfamilies; Goddard 1996 contains the first attempt at a classification. Native American tribes School subject: English as a Second Language (ESL) Grade/level: 7. Consequently, it is difficult to place it in the family with much certainty. The Athabaskan family is the second largest family in North America in terms of number of languages and the number of speakers, following the Uto-Aztecan family which extends into Mexico. Second, the other languages to which Athabaskan is related, Eyak and Tlingit, are also northern languages; they are spoken around the mouth of the Copper River in Alaska and the Alaska panhandle, respectively. Mark and Genesis has been translated into Chilcotin.[3][4]. The articles in Kari and Potter 2010 provide an overview of the hypothesis that AET is part of a recently proposed Dene-Yeniseian family, which straddles the Bering Strait. By Wikipedia, Despite this inadequacy, current comparative Athabaskan literature demonstrates that most Athabaskanists still use the three-way geographic grouping rather than any of the proposed linguistic groupings given below, because none of them has been widely accepted. this page. Gracias (Thank you) Muchas gracias (Thank you very much) 2. The other dimension is the D-effect, surfacing as the presence or absence of either vocalization or an alveolar stop. Live worksheets > English > English as a Second Language (ESL) > Describing people > Appearance and personality. Peculiarly, in Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai, it seems to have been /x/ in at least some forms of the first-person-subject verb prefix (Krauss 1976b). The following list gives the Athabaskan languages organized by their geographic location in various North American states, provinces and territories (including some languages that are now extinct). Athabaskan (also spelled Athabascan, Athapaskan or Athapascan, and also known as Dene) is a large family of indigenous languages of North America, located in western North America in three groups of contiguous languages: Northern, Pacific Coast and Southern (or Apachean). The seven Southern Athabaskan languages are isolated by considerable distance from both the Pacific Coast languages and the Northern languages. Proto-Athabaskan is the reconstructed ancestor of the Athabaskan languages. We're doing our best to make sure our content is useful, accurate and safe.If by any chance you spot an inappropriate comment while navigating through our website please use this form to let us know, and we'll take care of it shortly. 1 Timothy, translated by Paul and Trudy Milanowski was published in 1970 by Wycliffe Bible Translators. For example, the Tanana Chiefs Conference and Alaska Native Language Center prefer the spelling Athabascan. Haida has been determined to be unrelated to Athabaskan languages. His student Fang-Kuei Li, whom Sapir described as a very able Chinaman, had the benefit of speaking Mandarin Chinese and hence being well aware of tone. Oxford: Pergamon. The translation team (including Mary Louise Bouvier White, Elizabeth Mackenzie, Mary Siemens, and perhaps others) was headed by Jaap Feenstra of Wycliffe Bible Translators.